Dark matter makes up 27% of the universe, while dark energy accounts for about 68%
A bright band of diffuse gamma ray glow along the map’s center, which marks the central plane of the Milky Way galaxy, is seen in an undated image based on five years of data from NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration/Handout via REUTERS
Scientists may be coming closer to confirming the existence of dark matter – the invisible stuff thought to make up more than a quarter of the cosmos – as they study a diffuse glow of gamma rays near the center of our galaxy.
Everything visible in the universe is made of ordinary matter – from stars and planets to people and hubcaps and tacos. Ordinary matter can be seen in wavelengths from the infrared to visible light and gamma rays, but comprises only about 5% of the universe. Dark matter, which does not absorb or reflect or emit any light, seems to comprise about 27% of the universe, with another mysterious component called dark energy accounting for the remaining roughly 68%.
Scientists are confident that dark matter exists because of its gravitational effects on a grand scale in the universe. Because of its very nature, its existence has been hard to prove. But research into an excess of gamma rays observed and mapped by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope across a vast expanse near the heart of the Milky Way offers promise for providing long-sought confirmation.
Scientists have advanced two competing explanations for these gamma-ray emissions.
One is that they are caused by colliding dark matter particles congregated in this galactic region. The other is that they are caused by a class of neutron stars – the dense collapsed cores of massive stars after their deaths – called millisecond pulsars that emit light across the electromagnetic spectrum as they spin hundreds of times per second.
A comprehensive new analysis including advanced simulations has weighed the merits of these competing hypotheses, deeming them equally likely. Gamma rays generated by dark matter particle collisions, the study showed, would produce the same gamma-ray signal as that observed by the Fermi satellite.
“Understanding the nature of the dark matter which pervades our galaxy and the entire universe is one of the greatest problems in physics,” said cosmologist Joseph Silk of Johns Hopkins University in Maryland and the Institute of Astrophysics of Paris/Sorbonne University, one of the authors of the study published on Thursday in the journal Physical Review Letters, opens new tab.
“Our key new result is that dark matter fits the gamma-ray data at least as well as the rival neutron star hypothesis. We have increased the odds that dark matter has been indirectly detected,” Silk added.
The researchers said the world’s most powerful ground-based gamma-ray telescope – the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, now under construction in Chile – may be able to provide an answer by differentiating the gamma-ray emissions from these two sources. It could become operational as soon as 2026.
“Because dark matter doesn’t emit or block light, we can only detect it through its gravitational effects on visible matter. Despite decades of searching, no experiment has yet detected dark matter particles directly,” said astrophysicist and study lead author Moorits Mihkel Muru of the University of Tartu and the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam.
The excess in gamma rays was observed in a region extending across the innermost 7,000 light-years of the galaxy. A light-year is the distance light travels in a year, 5.9 trillion miles (9.5 trillion km). This region is about 26,000 light-years from Earth.
Gamma rays exhibit the smallest wavelengths and the highest energy of any of the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. Why may gamma rays be evidence of dark matter? Dark matter particles are suspected to annihilate completely when they collide, with these collisions generating gamma rays as a byproduct.
The Milky Way is believed to have formed by the collapse under the force of gravity of a vast cloud of dark matter and ordinary matter.
“The ordinary matter cooled down and fell into the central regions, dragging along some dark matter for the ride,” Silk said.
“Unique to the simplest dark matter hypothesis is the fact that dark matter particles are thought to be their own antiparticles and annihilate completely when they collide. Only protons and antiprotons do something similar to produce energetic gamma rays, and antiprotons are exceedingly rare.”
But the glow also could be produced by the collective emission of many thousands of hitherto unobserved millisecond pulsars. The Fermi satellite confirmed that such objects are gamma-ray sources that could explain the glow in this region.