More evidence is unleashed undermining the CO2-drives-climate narrative.
A comprehensive correlation analysis (Grabyan, 2025[1]) utilizing the last 2000 years of temperature and CO2 data affirms CO2 changes lag temperature changes by ~150 years throughout the 1 to 1850 C.E. era.
This Common Era (C.E.) lead-lag sequencing – with temperature changes leading and CO2 changes lagging by centuries to millennia – is wholly consistent with the paleo CO2 and temperature proxy (ice core, stomata, borehole, etc.) record spanning the last 20,000 years (Demezhko and Gornostaeva, 2014[2]), 400,000 years (Fischer et al., 1999[3], Mudelsee et al., 2001[4], Monnin et al., 2001[5], Uemura et al., 2018[6]), 66 million years (Frank, 2024[7]), and 420 million years (Koutsoyiannis, 2024[8]).
It is notable that the CO2 changes can be shown to be driven by temperature changes over not only the long-term (centuries), but over short-term periods (months, years) as well (Koutsoyiannis et al., 2023[9], Humlum et al., 2013[10]).
Image Source: Grabyan, 2025[11]
The correlational analyses also reveal changes in temperature may be driven by variations in total solar irradiance (TSI) – especially when using TSI data sets that are not preferred by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Other TSI-temperature correlation studies have drawn the same conclusions (Soon et al., 2015[12], Yndestad and Solheim, 2017[13], Scafetta, 2023[14])
Image Source: Soon et al., 2015[15]
References
- ^ Grabyan, 2025 (doi.org)
- ^ Demezhko and Gornostaeva, 2014 (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ Fischer et al., 1999 (www.science.org)
- ^ Mudelsee et al., 2001 (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ Monnin et al., 2001 (www.science.org)
- ^ Uemura et al., 2018 (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ Frank, 2024 (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ Koutsoyiannis, 2024 (www.aimspress.com)
- ^ Koutsoyiannis et al., 2023 (www.mdpi.com)
- ^ Humlum et al., 2013 (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ Grabyan, 2025 (doi.org)
- ^ Soon et al., 2015 (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ Yndestad and Solheim, 2017 (munin.uit.no)
- ^ Scafetta, 2023 (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ Soon et al., 2015 (www.sciencedirect.com)